Question

What’s the difference between exercising NSOs and ISOs using a stock swap?

Answer

The primary difference lies in the tax treatment. Exercising NSOs triggers ordinary income tax on the bargain element, regardless of the exercise method. Exercising ISOs generally does not trigger ordinary income tax, but the spread may expose you to the alternative minimum tax (AMT). Additionally, ISOs have strict holding period requirements to maintain their preferential tax status.

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