Question

How do effective and marginal tax rates differ in retirement?

Answer

Your effective tax rate is the overall percentage of your total income that goes to taxes — a blended rate across all brackets. Your marginal rate is the rate you pay on your next dollar of income — the top bracket you are in. In retirement, your marginal rate drives many important decisions, such as whether to do a Roth conversion or take an extra withdrawal. A retiree with a 12% effective rate might face a 22% marginal rate on additional income, which changes the calculus significantly.

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