When selling a business, owners often face a tough reality. Capital gains taxes can take 20% to 38% of the money made. Currently, federal rates are 15% or 20%, plus a 3.8% Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT) for long term capital gains. State rates vary, with some states like California reaching up to 13.3%.
That’s a significant hit to the wealth you may have spent years building. But there’s a powerful business sale tax strategy that can change the equation — the Section 1042 Exchange.
What Is a 1042 Exchange?
A 1042 Exchange, also known as a Section 1042 rollover, is a rule in the Internal Revenue Code. It lets shareholders of a private C corporation delay capital gains taxes. This happens when they sell stock to an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP).
Instead of paying taxes immediately, you can reinvest the sale proceeds into Qualified Replacement Property (QRP) within a 15-month window. QRP includes stocks or bonds of U.S. operating companies.
This tax deferral strategy can be indefinite and, with proper estate planning, potentially result in tax elimination. If you’re a business owner looking to maximize your exit, this strategy can be a game-changer.
How business owners could benefit
Selling to an ESOP with a 1042 Exchange offers unique advantages compared to traditional M&A or private equity deals:
- Immediate tax deferral: No capital gains tax at closing.
- Full reinvestment of pre-tax dollars: Growth potential by reinvesting the entire sale amount into QRP.
- Estate planning benefits: Hold QRP until death for a step-up in basis, wiping out deferred taxes.
- Liquidity options: Borrow against QRP without triggering tax liability.
- Legacy preservation: Keep your company independent, reward employees, and maintain culture.
A 1042 Exchange can do more than help save money. It offers flexibility, protects your legacy, and helps with long-term planning.
Owner eligibility checklist
Not every business sale qualifies for a 1042 Exchange. The rules for a Section 1042 Exchange are in place to help promote employee ownership. They also aim to keep U.S.-based businesses running smoothly.
These are the qualifications your entity needs to meet for eligibility:
- The company must be a C corporation at the time of sale.
- The ESOP must own at least 30% of the company post-transaction.
- The seller must have held the stock for at least three years.
- Reinvestment must occur in QRP within the 15-month window (three months before and 12 months after the sale).
- The seller cannot receive ESOP allocations post-sale.
If you are able to check all these boxes, you’re in a good position to leverage this strategy.
Investment eligibility vs. ineligibility
The IRS is specific about what constitutes QRP. Therefore, understanding the distinction between eligible and ineligible investments is critical to maintaining tax deferral status.
To qualify as QRP, the investment must be in securities of U.S. operating companies. These are businesses actively engaged in commerce, manufacturing, or services. They are not holding companies or investment vehicles.
- Common or preferred stock: Equity ownership in a U.S. company that is actively operating.
- Convertible bonds: Debt instruments that can be converted into stock, issued by U.S. operating companies.
- Corporate fixed or floating rate notes: Interest-bearing securities from U.S. corporations that are actively conducting business.
Certain types of securities are explicitly excluded from QRP status, even if they seem similar on the surface:
- Government bonds: These are considered passive investments and do not represent ownership in an operating company.
- ETFs and mutual funds: They hold shares of U.S. companies. However, they are pooled investment vehicles. This means they do not provide direct ownership.
- Real estate or foreign securities: These fall outside the scope of U.S. operating company investments and do not meet IRS criteria.
Disposition rules
Selling QRP triggers deferred taxes, but there are smart ways to avoid them:
- Gifting QRP or holding until death can reduce tax liability. You can give up to $19,000 tax-free per person in 2025.
- Transfers in divorce or certain tax-free reorganizations do not count as dispositions.
This creates opportunities for estate planning and charitable giving. You can match your financial goals with your personal values.
Considerations for 1042 Exchange
You should know some key downsides and considerations before pursuing this strategy.
The rules around 1042 Exchanges are highly technical. From qualifying the ESOP transaction to selecting eligible QRP, there are multiple compliance checkpoints. Any misstep — like investing in an ineligible security or missing the 15-month reinvestment window — can invalidate the tax deferral, triggering immediate capital gains taxes.
Since QRP must be U.S. operating company securities, you can’t diversify into real estate, mutual funds, international stocks, or government bonds, even if they align better with your personal financial goals.
You’ll need to track and report your QRP holdings annually to maintain compliance. This includes filing IRS Form 8824 and maintaining documentation that proves your investments meet QRP standards.
While you can borrow against QRP, selling it will trigger the deferred tax. This can make it hard to access cash without causing a tax event. This is especially true if your wealth is mostly in QRP.
Holding QRP until death can eliminate deferred taxes via a step-up in basis, but this requires careful estate planning. If QRP is sold prematurely or transferred incorrectly, the tax deferral is lost.
A 1042 Exchange could be ideal for preserving company culture through an ESOP. Also, you should be comfortable with long-term investment in U.S. companies. The strategy may not be suitable if you’re seeking a quick exit, maximum liquidity, or broad investment flexibility.
Moving forward
If you’re a business owner weighing exit options, a 1042 Exchange can turn a tax-heavy sale into a more tax-efficient strategy. Implementing this strategy can be complicated. You may want to talk to tax advisors or financial advisors. Look for those who specialize in exit planning for business owners or business succession planning.
At Mercer Advisors, we offer tax planning and preparation in addition to financial planning, investment management, estate planning, and insurance solutions. Our comprehensive wealth management solutions are designed to integrate your financial and investment needs. Whether you’re a family or commercial business owner, we have specialists who can provide guidance.
Contact your wealth advisor for more information. If you’re not a Mercer Advisors client and want to know more about how we can help business owners, let’s talk.
All expressions of opinion reflect the judgment of the author as of the date of publication and are subject to change. Some of the research and ratings shown in this presentation come from third parties that are not affiliated with Mercer Advisors. The information is believed to be accurate but is not guaranteed or warranted by Mercer Advisors. Content, research, tools and stock or option symbols are for educational and illustrative purposes only and do not imply a recommendation or solicitation to buy or sell a particular security or to engage in any particular investment strategy. All investment strategies have the potential for profit or loss. Different types of investments involve varying degrees of risk, and there can be no assurance that any specific investment will either be suitable or profitable for a client’s investment portfolio.
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